Understanding how children learn is key to creating classrooms that spark curiosity, inspire exploration, and celebrate the joy of discovery. Early learning theories give us a front-row view into the fascinating ways little minds grow, helping us design experiences that are both developmentally on point and full of playful learning.

This month, we’re kicking off a brand-new series on early learning theories. In this first post, we’ll spotlight four frameworks every educator should know: Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory, the Reggio Emilia Approach, and the Montessori Method. Future posts will dive deeper into practical, hands-on strategies to bring each theory to life under your own big top!

Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory

Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, spent decades observing how children think, discovering that kids don’t just absorb information, they actively construct knowledge. Piaget noticed that children pass through distinct stages of cognitive development, each with its own abilities and ways of understanding the world.

Theory Explanation
Piaget believed children learn best by exploring and interacting with their surroundings. They test ideas, make mistakes, and adjust their thinking as they go. Learning isn’t something we hand to them—it’s something they build themselves, with us guiding along the way.

Key Components
For preschoolers, the preoperational stage (ages 2–7) is most relevant:

• Symbolic Thinking: Using words, images, and pretend play to represent ideas.
• Egocentrism: Seeing the world mostly from their own perspective.
• Imagination & Magical Thinking: Blending reality and creativity.
• Developing Memory & Planning: Beginning to plan and recall, even if logic is still emerging.

Classroom Application
Hands-on, exploratory experiences are essential. Open-ended questions like “What do you notice?” or “What might happen if…?” spark thinking and problem-solving. Activities like sorting, matching, and pretend play allow children to practice symbolic thinking while exploring their world.

Educator Tip
Watch each child’s thinking and adapt your questions or activities. For example, instead of fixing a block tower that fell, ask, “What could we do differently next time?” This encourages problem-solving while honoring their developmental stage.

Reggio Emilia Approach

The Reggio Emilia Approach emerged in post-WWII Italy, with educators and families coming together to create a child-centered model of learning. Loris Malaguzzi, a key figure behind the approach, believed that children are capable, curious, and competent from birth, and that learning thrives when it’s collaborative and project-based.

Theory Explanation
Reggio Emilia treats children as active participants in their own learning. Knowledge emerges through exploration, social interaction, and guided investigation. Documentation—photos, notes, portfolios—helps teachers understand children’s thinking and plan meaningful experiences.

Key Components

• Environment as the “Third Teacher”: Classrooms spark curiosity and collaboration.
• Project-Based Learning: In-depth exploration driven by children’s interests.
• Documentation: Observing and recording learning to inform curriculum and celebrate growth.
• Family & Community Involvement: Learning extends beyond the classroom.

Classroom Application
Create spaces that invite discovery—art corners, science tables, and natural materials. Follow children’s questions and curiosities, and document what they do and say. These observations can guide the next steps, inspire projects, and help families see learning in action.

Educator Tip
Even quick documentation, like a photo or short note, can reveal patterns in thinking, spark new project ideas, and show children their ideas are valued.

Montessori Method

Maria Montessori, Italy’s first female physician, developed an approach that emphasizes independence, curiosity, and respect for the child. Her method focuses on prepared environments where children can explore and learn at their own pace.

Theory Explanation
Montessori education is self-directed. Children choose activities within a structured framework, and teachers act as guides, observing and stepping in only when necessary. Hands-on materials and mixed-age classrooms support learning and social development.

Key Components

• Prepared Environment: Materials and spaces encourage exploration and skill-building.
• Freedom within Limits: Children make choices but within clear boundaries.
• Hands-On Materials: Tools support literacy, math, and practical life skills.
• Mixed-Age Classrooms: Older children mentor younger peers.

Classroom Application
Offer children activities that match their interests and developmental level. They might practice pouring water, sorting beads, or exploring shapes. Children are always learning through doing, with subtle guidance from us.

Educator Tip
Step back and let children make mistakes, that’s where real learning happens. Watching them figure things out builds resilience, confidence, and critical thinking.

Knowing these early learning theories gives us the tools to support every child’s growth with intention and creativity. Understanding how children think, explore, and interact allows us to design classrooms and experiences that truly nurture their development.

If you’re ready to take your learning further, consider credentials or a degree in early childhood education. The Council for Professional Recognition offers the Child Development Associate (CDA) credential—a nationally recognized way to validate your expertise and advance your career.

As we deepen our understanding, we grow our ability to inspire, guide, and delight the children in our care—helping them build a strong foundation for a lifetime of learning.